Risk Neutral

Risk neutral explains an individual's behavior and mindset to take risks. It explains the risk-taking mentality of an individual without weighing the risks explicitly. In the economic context, the risk neutrality measure helps to understand the strategic mindset of the investors, who focus on gains, irrespective of risk factors.

Risk-neutral investors are willing to invest time and money in alternative options that give them higher gains. For instance, an investment that doubles money but has some uncertainty attached makes the investment risky but promises high yields. A risk-neutral investor will go ahead with such an investment, unlike a risk-averse investor.

• Risk neutral defines a mindset in a game theory or finance. It explains an individual's mental and emotional preference based on future gains.
• In finance, risk-neutral investors will not seek much information or calculate the probability of future returns but focus on the gains. On the other hand, aOn the other hand, a risk seeker or risk-averse investor will seek more and more information to ensure they don't lose money. 
• A risk-averse investor tends to take the equilibrium price of an asset lower due to their focus on not losing money, but risk-neutral investors pay a higher price to make higher gains in the future. 

Risk neutral measure is the probability that an investor is willing to invest for an expected value; however, they do not give much weightage to risk while looking for gains. Instead, such investors invest and adjust the risks against future potential returns, which determines an asset's present value. Thus, investors agree to pay a higher price for an asset or security's value. 

An investor's mindset change from being a risk to risk-neutral happens through changes in the prices of an asset. Over time, as an investor observes and perceives the changes in the price of an asset and compares it with future returns, they may become risk-neutral to yield higher gains. 

A risk-neutral investor mindset is built with an emotional choice more than the calculations and deductions of future returns. However, this mindset is situational from investor to investor and can change with price or other external factors. Although, risk aversion probability, in mathematical finance, assists in determining the price of derivatives and other financial assets. 

Measures for a risk neutral pricing strategy involve establishing the equilibrium price. An equilibrium price is one where an investor or buyer is willing to purchase, and a seller is willing to sell. Thereby, irrespective of the risks involved, a risk-neutral buyer goes ahead and makes the purchase. 

Similarly, the point of equilibrium indicates the willingness of the investor to take the risk of investment and to complete transactions of assets and securities between buyers and sellers in a market. However, some risk averse investors do not wish to compromise on returns, so establishing an equilibrium price becomes even more difficult to determine.  

Suppose an investment worth $2500 is expected to yield and pay its investors $4000 but has 0.6 probability or chances. At the same time, the investment has a 0.2 chance of yielding $2800, whereas there is a 0.2 chance of yields going even lower. Sam, Ronald, and Bethany are three friends and hold different mindsets when it comes to investing. Sam is seeking to take a risk but would require more information on the risk profile and wants to measure the probability of the expected value.

Whereas Ronald, an owner of a venture capitalist firm, wishes to go ahead with the investment just by looking at the gains, he is indifferent to any risks. However, Bethany seems more skeptical about investing worth $2500 for a gain of $300, considering other risks in the market. Thus, she has a risk-averse mindset.

Thus, one can say that the marginal utility for Bethany for taking risks is zero, as she is averse to making any losses. On the other hand, for Ronald, marginal utility is constant as he is indifferent to risks and focuses on the 0.6 chance of making gains worth $1500 ($4000-$2500). However, Sam is a risk seeker with a low appetite for taking risks. Although, his marginal utility to take risks might decrease or increase depending on the gains he ultimately makes. Therefore, for Sam, maximization of expected value will maximize the utility of his investment.

Risk neutral investor is a mindset that enables investment in assets and securities based on the expected value of future potential returns. These investors are also open to exploring alternative and sometimes more risky investments by focusing solely on the gains. The risk-neutral attitude of an investor is the result of an agreed-balanced price between the buyer and seller. However, focusing on making higher future gains makes the investor neutral to risk.  

In contrast, a risk-averse investor will first evaluate the risks of an investment and then look for monetary and value gains. Thus, risk-averse investors focus more on not losing their money than on potential returns in the future. As a result, such investors, mostly individual or new investors, seek more information before investing about the estimated gains and price value, unlike risk-neutral investors. 

As a result, they are less eager to make money and more careful about taking calculated risks. Thus, due to the risk-averse nature of investors, the asset's pricing remains at a lower equilibrium point than that the asset could realize in the future due to potential gains. To simplify, the current value of an asset remains low due to risk-averse investors as they have a low appetite for risks. 

This article has been a guide to Risk Neutral and its meaning. Here, we explain it in economics with an example and compare it with risk averse. You can also go through our recommended articles on corporate finance -

• Risk Ratio
• Market Neutral
• Delta Hedging