Laissez-Faire

Laissez-Faire refers to an economic doctrine advocating minimum or no interference from the government in business and economic affairs. It views state intervention as a barrier to the growth and development of an economy. In short, it encourages free-market capitalism based on supply and demand.

Economic interventionism of market forces through regulations, taxes, tariffs, subsidies weaken an economy. Laissez-Faire, which is French for “allow to do,” suggests letting businesses operate free from such government policies. It, thus, enables capitalists to work in the desired way. As a result, they increase working hours while paying workers less to earn more profits.

• Laissez-Faire economics advocates for the government to intervene as little as possible in commercial and economic matters, leading to the growth and development of an economy.
• This economic principle gained popularity during the 18th century's Industrial Revolution due to increasing government regulations, trade restrictions, corporate taxes, tariffs, and subsidies.
• The doctrine encourages free-market capitalism, giving businesses the freedom to decide on hourly wages, number of working hours, working conditions, child labor, etc.
• This economic system reduces ineffective bureaucracy, stimulates corporate innovation, supports business autonomy, etc. But it faces criticism for causing income inequality, creating monopolies, representing interests of the affluent section of society, etc.

Laissez-Faire is a political and economic theory that gained popularity during the 18th century's Industrial Revolution. It was the period when businesses were facing heavy import tariffs from the government. Furthermore, government involvement in the economy has had a significant impact on market forces. Sellers had to suffer from minimum wages, trade restrictions, duties, and corporate taxes.

Its origin dates back to the period between 1756 and 1778 when French lawmaker Boisguilbert, merchant François Legendre, and other physiocrats argued for anti-mercantilist policies. They also advocated the natural order of economic competition with minimal governmental interference in business, industrial, and economic affairs.

The proponents of this theory, including Adam Smith, the Father of Economics, believed that this economic system is the fairest policy to guide and encourage a free market. Smith believed that markets function optimally if the government intervenes as little as possible.

The Laissez-Faire doctrine makes it easier for businesses to operate independently. It lets firms and traders conduct business activities in the best way possible to reap maximum profits. Also, it allows them to decide on the number of working hours, hourly wages, working conditions, child labor, etc. They can also maintain supply and demand without the need for price-setting monopoly interference.

In short, they are free to function in the market without any interference from the government or authority. Little or no government participation in the economy means an improved business environment and economic prosperity. Eventually, it leads to free-market capitalism. In Laissez -Faire leadership, employees are free to make decisions under the guidance of leaders to whom they report.

This economic philosophy also influenced the British political movement, leading to the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. It, thus, encouraged free trade in the United Kingdom. Though the policy advocates believed traders should define market rules, they felt some governmental intervention was necessary.

This economic and political ideology worked effectively in the United States in the 1920s. However, the non-interference of the government led to an under-regulated stock market. In 1929, Wall Street crashed, affecting the stock market adversely. The Laissez-Faire setup, therefore, allows government intervention in two ways:

• Establishing regulatory frameworks to limit international trade
• Enacting legislation that encourages entrepreneurship

The first way secures domestic production and ensures that the working class has enough job opportunities in their country. Though Laissez-Faire is a crucial policy for advancing an economy's overall growth, it reduces market competition.

The second form of government intervention is enacting antitrust legislation to address organizational practices such as monopolies that prevent new players from entering the market.

Besides promoting a free and competitive market driven by the natural order of supply and demand, this economic doctrine offers many other advantages:

• Free trade allows countries to gain from each other's business
• Encourages corporate innovation and creativity, leading to business expansion
• Minimizes ineffective bureaucracy and discourages corruption
• Incentivizes entrepreneurs to work harder and produce more to maximize profits
• Gives businesses autonomy and freedom to take risks
• No taxation increases the spending power of businesses

Despite many benefits offered by this economic system, there are obvious concerns raised by critics regarding it, such as:

• Causes disparities in wealth and income, resulting in poverty and economic inequity
• Makes it difficult for start-ups to compete
• Creates monopolies due to fewer or no government rules, resulting in lower wages, higher product pricing, and limited supply
• Represents interests of the rich people or the majority rather than the entire society
• Leads to overconsumption of commodities with negative externalities

Laissez-Faire policies require no government regulation of business, industrial, and economic affairs, but individual rights only. These policies make it easier for traders and governments to identify participants operating in the free market. This system typically consists of capitalism, the free-market economy, and rational market theory.

1. Capitalism: In this economic framework, private businesses own and control the factors of production.
2. Free Market Economy: Private enterprises determine the price for products and services depending on supply and demand under this economic system. They also have the freedom to manufacture, purchase, and sell in a competitive market.
3. Rational Market Theory: It is a situation in which buyers and sellers make investments decisions based on logic, facts, and publicly available information about a particular product. There is no place for human emotions in this principle.

Some other policies of the doctrine are as follows:

• It favors a business structure with no interference from the government in matters concerning the economy. 
• The concept believes that businesses should operate in a natural order and self-regulate themselves.
• In social calculus, the individual - the basic unit of society, is the fundamental unit of measurement.
• Businesses have the freedom to decide what they think would be productive and profitable under a Laissez-Faire capitalism setting.
• Production of goods is done based on the increase or decrease in the demand and supply. Natural resources, capital, and labor are supply components, while consumer, company, and government purchases create demand. Prices become an indicator of the same.
• The state of equilibrium occurs as soon as the market meets the demand and supply. Achieving market stability may be challenging when the government interferes in business processes.

Let us consider the following Laissez-Faire examples to understand the concept better:

Example #1

Shelly decided to use recyclable paper bags to dispose of household wastes. She wanted to begin an online campaign to convince every individual to do the same to reduce the usage of environmentally hazardous plastic bags. Meanwhile, one of her friends told her that she might need a higher authority to permit her to run the national campaign.

So, she started with her own house and worked her way up to persuading her neighbors without launching a campaign. It made the whole system self-regulatory, and she was eventually able to do what she wanted without needing to seek permission from higher authorities.

Example #2

Pediatric infectious disease specialist Michael Joseph Smith recently raised concerns over the poor pace of the U.S. pediatric immunization effort. He blamed the Laissez-Faire attitude of parents towards child vaccination against COVID-19. Smith further added that “Allowing to do” as desired could boost the number of cases among children. It will ultimately lead to the loss of more lives.

It is worth noting that the Laissez-Faire policy makes a system self-regulating. Thus, it might not be effective in many cases, thereby compelling the government to intervene. That is why the public support for implementing mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations is growing.

This has been a guide to Laissez-Faire and its meaning. Here we discuss how laissez-faire in economics works along with examples, policies, benefits, and criticism. You may also have a look at the following article to learn more -

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