Inventory vs Stock

Publication Date :

17 Dec, 2018

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Difference Between Inventory and Stock

There are many buzzwords in finance that have been used interchangeably in many contexts. However, one would say that sometimes there may be a very thin line between correct and incorrect usage of such words, but in the world of finance, accuracy means everything. One such pair that tops the list is inventory and stock. These two might appear to be highly correlated but yet are a world apart in their true sense, especially when it comes to their context or valuation.

One is for the accountancy audience while the other one is for the business world, especially for the sales department of the company due to its nature of affecting the company’s revenue directly. Also, one is more towards the costing side of valuation, and the other is more market-driven when it comes to valuation in dollar terms.

Intrigued?

Let us embark upon a journey to find out the true nature of each of these terms in detail.

Difference Between Inventory and Stock

Inventory vs. Stock Infographics

Key Differences

First, let us start with what the words inventory and stock mean in a literal sense. Inventory comprises three parts -the first part includes the value of all the finished products that the company can sell directly to the intended customer base.

For a company like IKEA, the finished product is the furniture that is showcased in stores and sold to the customers. The second part includes the value of all the work-in-progress inventory that is currently in the processing stage. The company intends to convert them into a final product soon.
For IKEA, the work-in-progress product will be the furniture products that still need some processing before they can make it to the store and sell to the customers. And finally, the third part is the raw material, which includes all the basic input components that are required to manufacture the final product.
Then how does the manufacturing cycle work? First, the company acquires raw materials from its suppliers. Then the raw material undergoes several stages of processing during which it is referred to as a work-in-progress product. Finally, when all the processing completes, IKEA floats the finished product to the market for selling to the customers.

Now coming to Stock, one can say it is more of a plain jane. Stock refers to the product that a company sells to its customers. Now it may sound simple, but there is more to it than meets the eye. As per definition, the finished goods that we just referred to above qualify the definition of stock, and it may be all it could be.

The word stock is more of a business buzzword, unlike inventory, which is an accounting buzzword. So, what’s the catch? Numerous companies sell many products which may be at different levels of processing in a value chain to a variety of customer bases.
If a company sells furniture, then the final finished furniture units are referred to as a company’s stock. But if the same company sells the wood or any other raw material or any work-in-progress product to its customers as well then, they also qualify to be tagged as stock.
A stock can include anything that the company sells to the customers to strengthen the top line i.e., revenue.
For example, StarBucks sell its coffee, which is the finished product, to its customers. But at the same time, it also sells raw coffee beans and other auxiliary products to enable its customers to brew the same coffee in the comfort of their homes. Hence, all items sold to customers are stock.

Inventory vs. Stock Comparative Table

Basis	Inventory	Stock
Definition	Inventory refers to the value of a sum of finished products, work-in-progress products, and raw materials.	Stock refers to the products sold that could be in any form to the customer.
Context	It is used in an accounting context.	It is used in a business context as it directly affects the top line of the company.
Valuation	Inventory is valued at the cost incurred by the company using FIFO inventory methods, LIFO inventory, and Average Cost.	It is valued at market value i.e., the selling price at which it is sold to the customers.
Frequency	It is valued just before the end of a financial reporting period. It is valued infrequently as compared to stock.	It is valued at quite frequent intervals and sometimes even daily.
Example	Cars as well as spare parts sold by a car dealer to its customers	Biscuits sold by a biscuit manufacturing company to its customers

Application

The main application of this bifurcation is when it comes to the context to which the word is being referred. For example, inventory is used in an accounting context and hence is valued at cost using various methods of inventory accounting like FIFO vs. LIFO and Average Cost methods.

On the other hand, the stock is used in a more business context, which is valued at the selling price, and hence it directly affects the top line of the company. So stock valuation is more concurrent as it takes the market value into account. In contrast, inventory is valued at the cost which the company had to incur to procure the raw material, process it, and finally, sell it to the market.

Conclusion

Inventory includes finished products, work-in-progress products, and the raw material used to produce the finished and work-in-progress products. At the same time, stock refers to any type of product that is sold by the company to its customers to generate revenue.

Inventory is used more in an actuarial sense rather than a business context, whereas stock is more contemporary in terms of valuation. Inventory valuation is usually done just before the financial reporting period ends, but stock audit usually happens at very frequent intervals or sometimes even daily basis. Though there are many ways to inject money into the business like by sale of assets, it does not count as revenue. Cash flow from selling a stock is counted as a revenue stream.