Financial Performance

Financial performance measures a firm's financial health based on assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, equity, and profitability. It is a thorough analysis of company financial statements. Analysts examine a firm’s Income Statement, Cash Flow Statement, Balance Sheet, and Annual Report.

Financial performance signifies a firm’s ability to manage its finances. Based on the analysis, firms strategize the improvement of capital structure, increase in revenue, enhancement of cash flow, and reduction in expenses.

• Financial performance measures an organization's ability to manage finances. It is evaluated based on a firm's assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, equity, and profitability.
• Financial ratios serve as crucial indicators. It measures firms’ financial well-being using data provided in financial statements.
• Financial performance metrics include quick ratio, current ratio, working capital, gross profit margin, net profit margin, equity multiplier, debt-to-equity ratio, return on equity, return on asset, total asset turnover, inventory turnover, and operating cash flow.

Every business prepares Income Statements, Cash Flow Statements, Balance Sheets, and Annual Reports pertaining to a particular fiscal year. These financial statements reflect the financial performance of a business—in the form of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, equity, and profitability.

In addition, decision-makers use financial indicators like liquidity, profitability, leverage, efficiency, and market value ratios to study the financial position of a particular firm. These indicators determine firms’ growth potential.

Investors and shareholders require such inputs to identify potential risks associated with a particular business. Similarly, lenders and financiers use a firm's performance data to determine credit worthiness and repayment capacity. Further, creditors gauge the liquidity position of each borrowing firm—before extending trade credit.

Performance analysis is the study of company financial statements —to discover a firm’s strengths and weaknesses. It also involves the comparative analysis of a company's overall financial health. Company performance in a current fiscal year is compared to previous periods and competitors' performance.

The different areas of financial performance analysis are as follows:

• Profitability Analysis: Owners, managers, investors, shareholders, and creditors use profitability ratios. It helps determine a firm’s business performance and profit earning ability.
• Working Capital Analysis: Analysts study firms’ operational efficiency to ensure that the firm does not run out of current assets—required to meet short-term obligations.
• Activity Analysis: This comprises the evaluation of a company's production process, human resource requirements, time taken, raw materials consumed, and value creation. Activity analyses are undertaken to boost productivity and to streamline business operations.
• Financial Structure Analysis: The interpretation of the business capital structure is essential to balance the firm's debt and equity proportion.

The financial performance of any business can be gauged through various financial ratios that indicate a firm's liquidity, profitability, leverage, and market value.

Prominent financial performance metrics are as follows:

1. Gross Profit Margin: The ratio determines firms’ profitability before considering the operating expenses. Its formula is as follows:

Gross Profit Margin = × 100.

2. Net Profit Margin: The net profit ratio is another financial performance metric. It measures firms’ profitability after deducting all the expenses from gross profits. It is evaluated as follows:

 Net Profit Margin = (Net Profit / Revenue) × 100. 

3. Return On Equity: It is a profitability measure that ascertains a firm’s ability to generate profit from equity capital that was acquired from the shareholders. It is represented by:

Return on Equity = Net Profit / .

4. Return On Asset: This profitability ratio determines a firm's ability to utilize assets efficiently to generate profits. Its formula is as follows:

Return On Asset = Net Profit / .

5. Quick Ratio: It is a liquidity metric; it analyzes firms’ ability to clear short-term liabilities using cash and cash equivalents. Its formula is as follows:

Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities.

6. Current Ratio: It measures firms’ liquidity. It evaluates a firm’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities (using current assets). It is determined as follows:

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities.

7. Working Capital: It gives an overview of a company's operational liquidity—whether a firm is efficient in handling business operations. It is evaluated as follows:

Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities.

8. Operating Cash Flow: Cash flow is a good indication of a firm's financial performance. This ratio analyzes a company's efficiency in maintaining a positive cash flow. This data can be acquired from companies’ cash flow statements—it can be positive or negative.

9. Debt Asset Ratio: It is a leverage ratio; it measures a firm's ability to fulfill its short-term obligations, long-term obligations, and debts. This ratio considers companies’ overall assets as the criteria. It is computed as follows:

Debt Asset Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets.

10. Debt-To-Equity Ratio: It is a liquidity indicator; it is evaluated as the proportion of external liability to internal equity. It is computed as follows:

Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity.

11. Equity Multiplier: It is a proportion of assets to shareholders' equity. It indicates how much equity and debt was used to buy a particular asset. It is represented by:

Leverage = Total Assets / Total Equity.

12. Total Asset Turnover: It measures the maximum net sales generated by a business when it employs all its assets. It is computed as follows:

Total Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Total Sales.

13. Inventory Turnover: This ratio measures companies’ ability to convert stock into sales:

Inventory Turnover = Cost of Inventory Sold / Average Inventory.

14. Accounts Receivable Turnover: It gauges firms’ efficiency in recovering outstanding credit (sales) from the debtors. It is evaluated as follows:

Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivables.

15. Accounts Payable Turnover: This indicator evaluates a company's ability to repay creditors (goods purchased on credit). It is calculated as follows:

Accounts Payable Turnover = Net Credit Purchase / Average Accounts Payable.

This has been a guide to what is Financial Performance. We discuss how to evaluate financial performance, its meaning, analysis, indicators, & ratios. You can learn more about it from the following articles -

• Financial Engineering
• Financial Controller
• Financial Reporting