Expenditure Approach for GDP

The expenditure approach is one of the approaches or methods of calculating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country by way of adding the total spending of the economy, including the amount of consumption of goods and services by the consumer, amount of the expenditure on the investments, spending of the government of the country on the infrastructures and the net exports of the country.

• The expenditure approach is a method used to calculate a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by adding up the total economic spending.
• The expenditure approach to GDP includes consumer spending on goods and services, gross investment spending for acquiring business capital goods used to produce goods and services, government spending on various public goods and services, and net exports.
• The expenditure approach is one of the three methods used to calculate GDP, along with the production or value-added approach and the income approach.

There are many ways to measure an economy's Gross Domestic Product. One of those methods is to calculate the final expenditure. Therefore, this method has four components that essentially cover all of the spending: -

• First is consumer spending on goods and services, as every individual is also a consumer in an economy.
• The second is gross investor spending for acquiring business capital goods used to produce goods and services.
• Third, government spending on various public goods and services is essentially the primary task of any government.
• Last, the net imports,i.e., the total amount of exports compared to the total amount of purchases during the period under consideration, may give a better picture of whether a country is in a trade deficit or trade surplus.

Therefore, almost all the expenditures may fall in any of the four categories mentioned above, and by adding all four types of spending, we may get the GDP numbers.

The formula for the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country using the Expenditure Approach is as follows: -

Where,

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

• C = The amount of spending on the consumption of goods and services by the consumer
• I = The total amount of spending on the investments in the capital assets by the private sector and the government.
• G = Government spending on the infrastructures to boost the country's economy.
• NX = Net exports of the country

One of the country's economists wants to calculate the country's Gross Domestic Product for his analysis. For this purpose, the economist decided to follow the expenditure approach. The following are details of the spending in the country: -

• The amount of the expenditure on the consumption of goods and services by the consumer: $75,000
• The total amount of the expenditure on the investments in the capital assets by the private sector and the government: $150,000
• Spending of the government to boost the economy of the country: $180,000
• Net exports of the country: $100,000

Using the Expenditure Approach calculates the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Solution:

The formula for the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country using the Expenditure Approach is as follows: -

GDP = C + I + G + NX

Thus, using the Expenditure Approach, the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes to $505,000.

1. It is simple to understand, easy to calculate, and universally can compare figures with other nations.
2. It does help the economist and the other persons concerned in formulating a general direction in which an economy may be heading.

The various limitations or disadvantages related to the Expenditure Approach are as follows:

1. It forgoes certain aspects, like the quality of goods and services produced. Most of the time, black economy or underground economy data is not even considered for calculating such a figure.
2. The community often argues about the quality and accuracy of the data collected and the method used.
3. It does not account for those transactions which do not involve monetary quid pro quo.
4. The sustainability of the environment and growth is also ignored while formulating such figures considering historical data.
5. Inflation is also a major factor, and currency value in the international market is also a pivotal factor that it ignores.

The various important points related to the expenditure approach are as follows:

• There are three methods for calculating the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the Expenditure Approach, the Production or Value-Added Approach, and the Income Approach.
• There are four components used for the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country using the expenditure approach, which includes the amount of spending on the consumption of goods and services by the consumer, the total amount of the expenditure on the investments in the capital assets by the private sector and the government, spending of the government on the infrastructures to boost the economy of the country and the net exports of the country.

• Thus, the Expenditure Approach is among the three methods for calculating the Gross Domestic Product in the country. In contrast, others include the production or the value-added approach and the Income approach.
• According to this approach, the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is calculated by adding the economy's total spending. It is the most commonly used out of all the available approaches.
• It is simple to understand, easy to calculate, and universally can compare figures with other nations.
• However, it forgoes certain aspects, like the quality of goods and services produced. Most of the time,  black economy or underground economy data is not even considered for calculation.
• Also, it is often argued in the community is concerned about the quality and accuracy of the data collected and the method used to collect such data.

This article is a guide to the Expenditure Approach and its definition. Here, we discussed the expenditure approach formula for calculating GDP with examples. You can learn more about Excel modeling from the following articles: -

• Autonomous Expenditure
• What is Real GDP?
• GDP vs GNP