EBITDAR

EBITDAR (Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and restructuring/rent) is a popular measure that is used to assess the company's performance; this is not directly present on the income statement but can be calculated by using the information on the income statement by adding rent or restructuring costs to EBITDA.

An EBITDA is a calculation of the company's earnings before netting interest, taxes, depreciation and & amortization, and rent/restructuring cost of the company, and it is used to determine its actual operating performances without taking effects of its financial and investment decisions. It excludes all non-cash expenses, non-operating and non-recurring expenditures.

• It is a crucial factor in the valuation of businesses like shipping and airline companies that need to pay huge rent amounts every year.
• While determining a value of a kind of business, analysts mostly consider EBITDAR over EBITDA to calculate pure operating cash flows, as it calculates the operating income before deducting interest, taxes, depreciation & amortization as well as rent expenses, which are substantial expenditure items in Profit & Loss Statement of these companies.
• It also denotes the ability of the business to generate profits, even after spending huge rent or restructuring costs as a part of their business operations.
• Unlike EBIT, it is a non-GAAP measure and does not mention it in either classified or non-classified financial statements. It's mostly used to differentiate two companies within the same industry with different asset structures.
• While calculating Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization, and Rent, the purpose behind adding back Rent is that Rent is treated as Sunk Cost, which means the cost is already incurred or certain to have occurred in financial statements of the company irrespective of its performance.
• "R" stands for rent or restructuring costs. In industries like hospitals, Hotels, Airlines, Shipping, Wholesale Trade, etc., the rent cost is very high. Many companies need to spend lots of money in rent to occupy the operating space for conducting their businesses at the desired location.
• While valuing a target company from one of these industries, the analyst must consider the total rent cost paid by the company during a particular period and add it back in the EBITDA to determine the operating potential of the business. Without considering the adjustment of Rent cost, the company might have poor operating profits due to large rent expenditures. Still, it may have very good operations that can generate handsome money from its core operating performances. By neglecting this factor, the probability of missing a good target option will be increased.
• Just like above, restructuring cost is also to be added in Net Profits of the company along with other components while calculating the operating profits of one of these target companies, because the restructuring of land or building is a non-recurring cost and shall not be incurred again at least in next 3 to 5 years. Instead, it can be treated as a potential investment within the business that will help to generate additional revenue and profits for the company. It helps to evaluate the long-term operating efficiencies of these businesses. Hence, it is the most appropriate practice among the technicians to estimate the EBITDAR while measuring the valuation of companies and comparing it with other potential target companies.

Below is the EBITDA example of Pinnacle Entertainment.

source: Pinnacle Entertainment SEC Filings

We note that Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization, and Rent for Pinnacle entertainment have increased over the years and were at $654.5 million in 2016 (consolidated level).

As we already discussed, the analyst uses this as an operating tool and calculates the EBITDAR by adding interest, taxes, depreciation & amortization, and rent/restructuring expenses in a company's net income. It means it considers the outcome of operating decisions only and excludes the impact of other non-operating and non-recurring decisions.

Below is the EBITDA formula

For example, consider a hypothetical Shipping company having the following information;

• Net Income – $1000 Millions
• Interest – $300 Millions
• Taxes – $225 Millions
• Depreciation – $150 Millions
• Amortisation – $75 Millions and
• Rent - $130 Millions

We can calculate EBITDA with the help of the above EBITDA formula

• EBITDAR formula= Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortisation + Rent
•  = 1000 + 300 + 225 + 150 + 75 + 130 = $1880 Millions

These are the key financial metrics used by the analysts as per their object of analysis and type of the industries. So we will be going to learn about them one by one.

#1 - EBIT

Earnings before Interest and Taxes are the most common terms used to define the operating performances of the company in any industry. It estimates how much operating cash a business can generate in a financial year by netting operating cash outflows from operating cash inflows. One can calculate the same by simply adding back interest and tax expenses to the company's net profit.

#2 - EBITDA

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization are used to estimate an actual operating cash flow a company generates after deducting all operating cash outflows and depreciation and amortization. It doesn't consider the non-cash items as an actual cash outflow, hence added in EBIT to determine the company's operating results. We have to add depreciation and amortization cost in EBIT of the company.

#3 - EBITDAR

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization, and Rent/Restructuring Cost are little different from EBITDA. However, it also adds back rent or restructuring costs in Net Income and other components. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate EBITDAR for every industry in which rent or restructuring cost is very high so that the financial performances of a company can be measured with the utmost accuracy.

#4 - EBITDARM

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization, Rent/Restructuring Cost, and Management Fees is one of the financial measures that treat Management Fees as a non-recurring item and should not be considered operating expense in some sort of industries like NBFC’s. Management Fees are usually paid by the companies to Investment Bankers, Fund Managers to manage their portfolio and make efficient investment strategies for a company professionally. This fee is calculated on Assets under Management (AUM), and it may range between 0.50% – 2.00% on AUM.

It is an industry-specific measurement tool used to do the precise valuation of companies between the same industry but having substantial rent or restricting components in its cost structure. The operating efficiency and profitability of the Airlines, Hospitality, Shipping, and Wholesale Trade industries can be determined by calculating EBITDA as a part of their investment analysis. A positive or negative EBITDA is necessary to know the operating soundness of those businesses. It is also used to identify and implement operational changes required before taking any strategic or tactical decision.

This article has been a guide to EBITDAR, its meaning, and why it is important for shipping and airline companies. Also, we take EBITDA Calculations along with practical examples. Also, we discuss the differences between EBIT, EBITDA, EBITDAR, and EBITDARM. You may learn more about Financial Analysis from the following articles –

• Capital Lease vs. Operating Lease
• EBITDA Margin
• EV to EBITDA
• Profit Margin Meaning